Which stage follows trust and mistrust and emphasizes developing independence, self-control, and self-feeding?

• A. Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust
• B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• C. Initiative vs. Guilt
• D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer: (A)

After trust and mistrust, the next stage centers on independence. This period is about the child trying to do things for themselves, governing their own impulses, and handling self-care tasks like feeding themselves. When caregivers respond with supportive guidance, allow safe choices, and provide gentle encouragement, the child builds a sense of autonomy and confidence in their abilities. If encouragement is lacking or responses are overly critical or restricting, the child may develop doubt about their capabilities and feel ashamed to try new things. You’ll often see the beginnings of self-help behaviors—feeding, dressing, and making simple choices—marking this stage. Other stages shift attention to initiating activities or mastering skills in school-age contexts, or revolve around trust in infancy, so those do not match this emphasis on independence and self-control.